False, misleading, or deceptive acts or practices in the conduct of any trade or commerce are hereby declared unlawful and are subject to action by the consumer protection division under Sections 17.47 (Restraining Orders), 17.58 (Voluntary Compliance), 17.60 (Reports and Examinations), and 17.61 (Civil Investigative Demand) of this code.
Except as provided in Subsection (d) of this section, the term “false, misleading, or deceptive acts or practices” includes, but is not limited to, the following acts:
causing confusion or misunderstanding as to the source, sponsorship, approval, or certification of goods or services;
causing confusion or misunderstanding as to affiliation, connection, or association with, or certification by, another;
using deceptive representations or designations of geographic origin in connection with goods or services;
representing that goods or services have sponsorship, approval, characteristics, ingredients, uses, benefits, or quantities which they do not have or that a person has a sponsorship, approval, status, affiliation, or connection which the person does not;
representing that goods are original or new if they are deteriorated, reconditioned, reclaimed, used, or secondhand;
representing that goods or services are of a particular standard, quality, or grade, or that goods are of a particular style or model, if they are of another;
disparaging the goods, services, or business of another by false or misleading representation of facts;
advertising goods or services with intent not to supply a reasonable expectable public demand, unless the advertisements disclosed a limitation of quantity;
making false or misleading statements of fact concerning the reasons for, existence of, or amount of price reductions;
representing that an agreement confers or involves rights, remedies, or obligations which it does not have or involve, or which are prohibited by law;
knowingly making false or misleading statements of fact concerning the need for parts, replacement, or repair service;
misrepresenting the authority of a salesman, representative or agent to negotiate the final terms of a consumer transaction;
basing a charge for the repair of any item in whole or in part on a guaranty or warranty instead of on the value of the actual repairs made or work to be performed on the item without stating separately the charges for the work and the charge for the warranty or guaranty, if any;
disconnecting, turning back, or resetting the odometer of any motor vehicle so as to reduce the number of miles indicated on the odometer gauge;
advertising, selling, or distributing a card which purports to be a prescription drug identification card issued under Section 4151.152 (Identification Cards), Insurance Code, in accordance with rules adopted by the commissioner of insurance, which offers a discount on the purchase of health care goods or services from a third party provider, and which is not evidence of insurance coverage, unless:
the discount is authorized under an agreement between the seller of the card and the provider of those goods and services or the discount or card is offered to members of the seller;
using or employing a chain referral sales plan in connection with the sale or offer to sell of goods, merchandise, or anything of value, which uses the sales technique, plan, arrangement, or agreement in which the buyer or prospective buyer is offered the opportunity to purchase merchandise or goods and in connection with the purchase receives the seller’s promise or representation that the buyer shall have the right to receive compensation or consideration in any form for furnishing to the seller the names of other prospective buyers if receipt of the compensation or consideration is contingent upon the occurrence of an event subsequent to the time the buyer purchases the merchandise or goods;
representing that a guaranty or warranty confers or involves rights or remedies which it does not have or involve, provided, however, that nothing in this subchapter shall be construed to expand the implied warranty of merchantability as defined in Sections 2.314 (Implied Warranty: Merchantability; Usage of Trade) through 2.318 (Chapter Neutral on Question of Third Party Beneficiaries of Warranties of Quality and on Need for Privity of Contract) and Sections 2A.212 (Implied Warranty of Merchantability) through 2A.216 (Third-party Beneficiaries of Express and Implied Warranties) to involve obligations in excess of those which are appropriate to the goods;
representing that work or services have been performed on, or parts replaced in, goods when the work or services were not performed or the parts replaced;
filing suit founded upon a written contractual obligation of and signed by the defendant to pay money arising out of or based on a consumer transaction for goods, services, loans, or extensions of credit intended primarily for personal, family, household, or agricultural use in any county other than in the county in which the defendant resides at the time of the commencement of the action or in the county in which the defendant in fact signed the contract; provided, however, that a violation of this subsection shall not occur where it is shown by the person filing such suit that the person neither knew or had reason to know that the county in which such suit was filed was neither the county in which the defendant resides at the commencement of the suit nor the county in which the defendant in fact signed the contract;
failing to disclose information concerning goods or services which was known at the time of the transaction if such failure to disclose such information was intended to induce the consumer into a transaction into which the consumer would not have entered had the information been disclosed;
using the term “corporation,” “incorporated,” or an abbreviation of either of those terms in the name of a business entity that is not incorporated under the laws of this state or another jurisdiction;
selling, offering to sell, or illegally promoting an annuity contract under Chapter 22 (Public Sale of Residential Real Property Under Power of Sale), Acts of the 57th Legislature, 3rd Called Session, 1962 (Article 6228a-5, Vernon’s Texas Civil Statutes), with the intent that the annuity contract will be the subject of a salary reduction agreement, as defined by that Act, if the annuity contract is not an eligible qualified investment under that Act;
subject to Section 17.4625 (Price Gouging During Declared Disaster), taking advantage of a disaster declared by the governor under Chapter 418 (Emergency Management), Government Code, or by the president of the United States by:
selling or leasing fuel, food, medicine, lodging, building materials, construction tools, or another necessity at an exorbitant or excessive price; or
demanding an exorbitant or excessive price in connection with the sale or lease of fuel, food, medicine, lodging, building materials, construction tools, or another necessity;
using the translation into a foreign language of a title or other word, including “attorney,” “immigration consultant,” “immigration expert,” “lawyer,” “licensed,” “notary,” and “notary public,” in any written or electronic material, including an advertisement, a business card, a letterhead, stationery, a website, or an online video, in reference to a person who is not an attorney in order to imply that the person is authorized to practice law in the United States;
resembles a governmental notice or form that represents or implies that a criminal penalty may be imposed if the recipient does not remit payment for the good or service;
delivering or distributing a solicitation in connection with a good or service that resembles a check or other negotiable instrument or invoice, unless the portion of the solicitation that resembles a check or other negotiable instrument or invoice includes the following notice, clearly and conspicuously printed in at least 18-point type: “SPECIMEN-NON-NEGOTIABLE”;
in the production, sale, distribution, or promotion of a synthetic substance that produces and is intended to produce an effect when consumed or ingested similar to, or in excess of, the effect of a controlled substance or controlled substance analogue, as those terms are defined by Section 481.002 (Definitions), Health and Safety Code:
causing confusion or misunderstanding as to the effects the synthetic substance causes when consumed or ingested;
a licensed public insurance adjuster directly or indirectly soliciting employment, as defined by Section 38.01 (Definitions), Penal Code, for an attorney, or a licensed public insurance adjuster entering into a contract with an insured for the primary purpose of referring the insured to an attorney without the intent to actually perform the services customarily provided by a licensed public insurance adjuster, provided that this subdivision may not be construed to prohibit a licensed public insurance adjuster from recommending a particular attorney to an insured;
owning, operating, maintaining, or advertising a massage establishment, as defined by Section 455.001 (Definitions), Occupations Code, that:
is not appropriately licensed under Chapter 455 (Massage Therapy), Occupations Code, or is not in compliance with the applicable licensing and other requirements of that chapter; or
is not in compliance with an applicable local ordinance relating to the licensing or regulation of massage establishments; or
a warrantor of a vehicle protection product warranty using, in connection with the product, a name that includes “casualty,” “surety,” “insurance,” “mutual,” or any other word descriptive of an insurance business, including property or casualty insurance, or a surety business.
(1) It is the intent of the legislature that in construing Subsection (a) of this section in suits brought under Section 17.47 (Restraining Orders) of this subchapter the courts to the extent possible will be guided by Subsection (b) of this section and the interpretations given by the Federal Trade Commission and federal courts to Section 5(a)(1) of the Federal Trade Commission Act [15 U.S.C.A. Sec. 45(a)(1)].
In construing this subchapter the court shall not be prohibited from considering relevant and pertinent decisions of courts in other jurisdictions.
For the purposes of the relief authorized in Subdivision (1) of Subsection (a) of Section 17.50 of this subchapter, the term “false, misleading, or deceptive acts or practices” is limited to the acts enumerated in specific subdivisions of Subsection (b) of this section. Added by Acts 1973, 63rd Leg., p. 322, ch. 143, Sec. 1, eff. May 21, 1973. Amended by Acts 1977, 65th Leg., p. 601, ch. 216, Sec. 2, 3, eff. May 23, 1977; Acts 1977, 65th Leg., p. 892, ch. 336, Sec. 1, eff. Aug. 29, 1977; Acts 1979, 66th Leg., p. 1327, ch. 603, Sec. 3, eff. Aug. 27, 1979; Acts 1987, 70th Leg., ch. 280, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1987; Acts 1993, 73rd Leg., ch. 570, Sec. 6, eff. Sept. 1, 1993; Acts 1995, 74th Leg., ch. 414, Sec. 3, eff. Sept. 1, 1995; Acts 1995, 74th Leg., ch. 463, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1995; Acts 2001, 77th Leg., ch. 962, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 2001; Acts 2001, 77th Leg., ch. 1229, Sec. 27, eff. June 1, 2002; Acts 2003, 78th Leg., ch. 1276, Sec. 4.001(a), eff. Sept. 1, 2003. Amended by: Acts 2005, 79th Leg., Ch. 728 (H.B. 2018), Sec. 11.101, eff. September 1, 2005. Acts 2007, 80th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1230 (H.B. 2427), Sec. 26, eff. September 1, 2007. Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1023 (H.B. 1265), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2015. Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1080 (H.B. 2573), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2015. Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 324 (S.B. 1488), Sec. 3.001, eff. September 1, 2017. Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 858 (H.B. 2552), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2017. Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 967 (S.B. 2065), Sec. 1.002, eff. September 1, 2017. Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 967 (S.B. 2065), Sec. 2.001, eff. September 1, 2017. Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 203 (H.B. 2820), Sec. 2.01, eff. September 1, 2019. Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 467 (H.B. 4170), Sec. 3.001, eff. September 1, 2019. Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 759 (H.B. 1152), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2019.